chore: release v1.0.6

fix: harden error handling and sanitize exception details across secu…

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,9 +7,123 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ---
 
+## [1.0.6] - 2026-08-07
+
+### Added
+- Iso: fix replaceStrings length mismatch in cleanVersion
+- Promote virtual machine trial option in README
+- Improve installer VM compatibility
+- Trim redundant dev-vs-stable Gitea explanations in README
+- Add Arean.Ai to AI tools used for development
+- Prefix OS version badge with 'v' (v1.0.5)
+- Match OS version badge styling to service modal version badges
+- Place OS version badge inline right after the Hub title
+- Center OS version badge under the Hub title
+- Strengthen entropy section: add DYOR emphasis and hardware wallet verification note
+- Add 'About Bitcoin wallet entropy' section to README
+- README: balance intro between Bitcoin sovereignty and sovereign computing
+
+### Changed
+- Removed temp patch file
+
+### Fixed
+- Resolve tag range detection and improve release diagnostics
+- Add token scope diagnostics and un-silence gh release errors
+- Harden error handling and sanitize exception details across security endpoints (CWE-209)
+- Sanitize exception handling in verify-integrity and security-reset (CWE-209)
+- Sanitize api_security_reset errors to prevent exception information exposure (CWE-209)
+- Use canonical prefix containment check for CodeQL path-injection
+- Pass sanitized abs_path to os.chown to resolve CodeQL path injection at 4338
+- Add CodeQL-recognized path sanitization for domain_name
+- Remove domain substring check for CodeQL incomplete-url
+- Use sentinel for njalla header check (CodeQL incomplete-url-substring)
+- Prevent reflected XSS in lnurl-qr print endpoint
+- Hash root password instead of storing in clear text (CWE-312)
+- Separate web auth hash from system password file
+- Fix Matrix Hub admin API credentials
+- Fix CWE-78: replace subprocess call with Synapse Admin API in create-user endpoint
+
+### Documentation
+- Add SECURITY.md detailing security policy and best practices
+- Versioned CDN downloads + add CDN upload script
+- Correct active development workflow
+- Make repo references mirror-neutral for Gitea readers
+- Clarify GitHub is the dev mirror of the Gitea stable repo
+[1.0.6]: https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/releases/tag/v1.0.6
+
+
+## [1.0.6] - 2026-08-07
+
+### Added
+- Iso: fix replaceStrings length mismatch in cleanVersion
+- Promote virtual machine trial option in README
+- Improve installer VM compatibility
+- Trim redundant dev-vs-stable Gitea explanations in README
+- Add Arean.Ai to AI tools used for development
+- Prefix OS version badge with 'v' (v1.0.5)
+- Match OS version badge styling to service modal version badges
+- Place OS version badge inline right after the Hub title
+- Center OS version badge under the Hub title
+- Strengthen entropy section: add DYOR emphasis and hardware wallet verification note
+- Add 'About Bitcoin wallet entropy' section to README
+- README: balance intro between Bitcoin sovereignty and sovereign computing
+
+### Changed
+- Removed temp patch file
+
+### Fixed
+- Harden error handling and sanitize exception details across security endpoints (CWE-209)
+- Sanitize exception handling in verify-integrity and security-reset (CWE-209)
+- Sanitize api_security_reset errors to prevent exception information exposure (CWE-209)
+- Use canonical prefix containment check for CodeQL path-injection
+- Pass sanitized abs_path to os.chown to resolve CodeQL path injection at 4338
+- Add CodeQL-recognized path sanitization for domain_name
+- Remove domain substring check for CodeQL incomplete-url
+- Use sentinel for njalla header check (CodeQL incomplete-url-substring)
+- Prevent reflected XSS in lnurl-qr print endpoint
+- Hash root password instead of storing in clear text (CWE-312)
+- Separate web auth hash from system password file
+- Fix Matrix Hub admin API credentials
+- Fix CWE-78: replace subprocess call with Synapse Admin API in create-user endpoint
+
+### Documentation
+- Add SECURITY.md detailing security policy and best practices
+- Versioned CDN downloads + add CDN upload script
+- Correct active development workflow
+- Make repo references mirror-neutral for Gitea readers
+- Clarify GitHub is the dev mirror of the Gitea stable repo
+[1.0.6]: https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/releases/tag/v1.0.6
+
+
+## [1.0.5] - 2026-08-04
+
+### Added
+- LND Update to v0.21.1-beta
+- Nixpkgs Update
+- Nixpkgs Update
+- Update LND REST Zeus Connect instructions and design to match NWC exactly
+- UI: Align LND REST and NWC Zeus connection instructions styling
+- Make Zeus LND REST instructions coherent with NWC Zeus connect guide
+- Clarify Zeus NWC wallet setup
+- Make Manual Backup match the system role (Desktop Only scope)
+- Reload Caddy immediately when a domain (or ACME email) is saved
+- Unify Njal.la + router port-forwarding guidance across onboarding and feature enable modals
+- Enhance Lightning Wallet Connect modal with professional benefits grid and refined messaging
+
+### Fixed
+- Resolve 'vdev' version badge and align it under the Hub title
+- Align release script with Gitea staging-dev and stable branch workflow
+- Auto-detect git remotes and clean up temp files in release-stable.sh
+
+### Documentation
+- Write real v1.0.4 changelog and auto-generate release notes in release script
+[1.0.5]: https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/releases/tag/v1.0.5
+
+
 ## [Unreleased]
 
 ### Fixed
+- Installer VM compatibility: legacy BIOS VM boots now install with GRUB, UEFI VM installs avoid depending on NVRAM boot-entry writes, VM users get clearer disk/resource guidance, and the internet check falls back to HTTPS when ICMP is blocked.
 - **Manual Backup now matches the system role**: on the Desktop Only role the Hub's
   "What gets backed up" list no longer shows Node / Server + Desktop items
   (nix-bitcoin secrets, `/var/lib` system service data, and the database/blockchain

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -2,13 +2,35 @@
 
 First off, thank you for considering contributing to Sovran_SystemsOS! 🎉
 
-## This Github Repo
+## Development and Release Repositories
 
-This repo is for the development of Sovran_SystemsOS and serves as its connection to the GitHub ecosystem. The main repo for Sovran_SystemsOS is hosted at https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/src/branch/stable. All activity in this GitHub repo is tested and eventually mirrored to the main repo on Gitea, as the ethos of Sovran_SystemsOS is self-sovereignty.
+The GitHub repository is the primary location for Sovran_SystemsOS development
+and collaboration and serves as the project's connection to the GitHub
+ecosystem. Most work is contributed through feature branches and pull requests
+that target GitHub `main`. Development may also begin in a local branch or on
+`staging-dev` at the project's self-hosted Gitea instance:
+https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS.
 
-Please note: this repo may contain new features and code not yet in the stable branch on Gitea, and this code is not fully tested.
+GitHub `main` and Gitea `staging-dev` are kept synchronized as the active
+development line, although one may briefly lead the other while changes are
+being integrated. The canonical, release-ready code is maintained on Gitea's
+[`stable` branch](https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/src/branch/stable),
+in keeping with the self-sovereignty ethos of Sovran_SystemsOS.
 
-Moreover, Sovran_SystemsOS has been improved with the help of AI. We have used Copilot to work through significant coding challenges and troubleshooting hurdles. We will continue to use AI to help keep Sovran_SystemsOS stable and maintained.
+The workflow is:
+
+1. Most development and project collaboration — including issues, pull
+   requests, and reviews — happens through GitHub, with completed work
+   integrated into `main`.
+2. Work may also originate locally or on Gitea `staging-dev`. Accepted changes
+   are synchronized between GitHub `main` and Gitea `staging-dev`.
+3. When changes are complete and tested, they are promoted to Gitea `stable`,
+   which is the code used by released Sovran_SystemsOS builds.
+
+Please note: GitHub `main` and Gitea `staging-dev` may contain new features and
+code not yet in `stable`, and that code may not be fully tested.
+
+Moreover, Sovran_SystemsOS has been improved with the help of AI. We have used Copilot and Arean.Ai to work through significant coding challenges and troubleshooting hurdles. We will continue to use AI to help keep Sovran_SystemsOS stable and maintained.
 
 ## How Can I Contribute?
 
@@ -26,7 +48,7 @@ Moreover, Sovran_SystemsOS has been improved with the help of AI. We have used C
 ### 🔧 Submitting Code Changes
 
 #### 1. Fork the Repository
-Click the "Fork" button at the top right of this repository.
+Click the "Fork" button at the top right of the GitHub repository.
 
 #### 2. Clone Your Fork
 ```bash

README.md

@@ -4,25 +4,26 @@
 
 # Sovran_SystemsOS
 
-### Your Bitcoin life. Your keys. Your node. Your machine.
+### Bitcoin sovereignty. Sovereign computing. One system.
 
-Sovran_SystemsOS is a free and open-source operating system for **Bitcoin
+Sovran_SystemsOS is a free and open-source operating system built for two
-self-custody** and **digital sovereignty**. Hold your own keys, trade
+inseparable freedoms: **Bitcoin self-custody** and **sovereign computing**.
-peer-to-peer, and verify your own money with your own node. Then extend the
+Hold your own keys, trade peer-to-peer, and verify your own money with your
-same ownership to the rest of your digital life: your files, communications,
+own node. Then claim that same uncompromising ownership over the rest of your
-passwords, and websites, all on hardware you control.
+digital life — your files, communications, passwords, and websites — all on
+hardware you control, running auditable open-source software you can trust.
 
 Every installation is a private [NixOS](https://nixos.org) desktop with
 [Sparrow Wallet](https://sparrowwallet.com), [Bisq](https://bisq.network), and
 [Bisq 2](https://github.com/bisq-network/bisq2) ready to use. Move beyond
-custodial exchanges from the first boot, and grow into your own Bitcoin and
+custodial exchanges from the first boot, and grow into your own Bitcoin node,
-Lightning infrastructure when you are ready.
+Lightning infrastructure, private cloud, and communications platform when you
-
+are ready.
-**Privacy. Sovereignty. Bitcoin.**
 
 [Visit the Website](https://sovransystems.com) ·
-[Download the ISO](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.3.iso) ·
+[Download the ISO](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso) ·
-[Verify the Download](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso.sha256) ·
+[Try it safely in a VM](#try-it-first-in-a-virtual-machine) ·
+[Verify the Download](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso.sha256) ·
 [Build from Source](#build-from-source)
 
 <img src="assets/desktop-screenshot.png" alt="Sovran_SystemsOS private Bitcoin desktop" width="800" />
@@ -31,17 +32,26 @@ Lightning infrastructure when you are ready.
 
 </div>
 
+> **📌 Active development on GitHub `main` / Gitea `staging-dev` — releases on
+> [Gitea `stable`](https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/src/branch/stable).**
+> See [Development workflow](#development-workflow) for details.
+
 ---
 
 ## Contents
 
 - [Why Sovran_SystemsOS?](#why-sovran_systemsos)
+- [Try it first in a virtual machine](#try-it-first-in-a-virtual-machine)
 - [What is included](#what-is-included)
 - [Three modes](#three-modes)
 - [Use it your way](#use-it-your-way)
 - [The Sovran Hub](#the-sovran-hub)
 - [Install Sovran_SystemsOS](#install-sovran_systemsos)
 - [For developers](#for-developers)
+  - [Development workflow](#development-workflow)
+  - [Build from source](#build-from-source)
+  - [Publishing a release](#publishing-a-release)
+- [About Bitcoin wallet entropy](#about-bitcoin-wallet-entropy)
 - [Security approach](#security-approach)
 - [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)
 - [License](#license) · [Contributing](#contributing)
@@ -98,6 +108,40 @@ and a reproducible, auditable NixOS foundation.
 
 ---
 
+## Try it first in a virtual machine
+
+**Curious, but not ready to replace your current operating system?** Start with
+Sovran_SystemsOS in a virtual machine (VM). A VM runs Sovran_SystemsOS in a
+window on your existing Windows, macOS, or Linux computer, using a virtual disk
+file instead of your computer's internal drive. You can explore the desktop,
+Sovran Hub, Sparrow, Bisq, and the installation experience before changing how
+you use any physical machine.
+
+This is a low-commitment way to decide whether Sovran_SystemsOS is right for
+you:
+
+- **Keep your current OS.** Closing or deleting the VM leaves the host operating
+  system in place.
+- **Learn at your own pace.** Familiarize yourself with the desktop and tools
+  without needing to make it your daily computer on day one.
+- **Choose your next step with confidence.** When you are ready, install it on
+  a dedicated computer, or keep using the VM as a learning environment.
+
+You can use the same ISO with [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org), VMware,
+QEMU/KVM, Proxmox, and similar x86_64 VM software. For a first look, select
+**Desktop Only**, allocate at least **8 GB RAM**, and create a **256 GB or
+larger dynamically allocated virtual disk**. The full VM setup and installer
+requirements are in [Installing in a virtual machine](#installing-in-a-virtual-machine-optional).
+
+> **A VM is for evaluation and learning, not a substitute for a dedicated,
+> hardened setup.** Do not use a trial VM to hold meaningful Bitcoin, recovery
+> phrases, passwords, or other sensitive data. Avoid attaching physical drives
+> to the VM, and be deliberate about shared folders, clipboard sharing, and
+> network settings. The installer only changes the disk you select, but you
+> should always review VM disk selections before confirming an install.
+
+---
+
 ## What is included
 
 Depending on the selected mode and enabled features, Sovran_SystemsOS brings
@@ -298,8 +342,8 @@ with an imaging application such as [Balena Etcher](https://etcher.balena.io).
 
 ### 1. Download the ISO and checksum
 
-- [Download Sovran_SystemsOS.iso](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso)
+- [Download Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso)
-- [Download Sovran_SystemsOS.iso.sha256](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso.sha256)
+- [Download Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso.sha256](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso.sha256)
 
 The download may take some time. Do not rename or modify the ISO before
 verifying it, and keep both files in the same folder.
@@ -317,16 +361,16 @@ checksum exactly.
 Open a terminal in the download folder and run:
 
 ```bash
-sha256sum --check Sovran_SystemsOS.iso.sha256
+sha256sum --check Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso.sha256
 ```
 
 A successful comparison reports:
 
 ```text
-Sovran_SystemsOS.iso: OK
+Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso: OK
 ```
 
-You can also run `sha256sum Sovran_SystemsOS.iso` and compare the output
+You can also run `sha256sum Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso` and compare the output
 against the checksum file manually.
 
 </details>
@@ -337,11 +381,11 @@ against the checksum file manually.
 Open Terminal in the download folder and run:
 
 ```bash
-shasum -a 256 Sovran_SystemsOS.iso
+shasum -a 256 Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso
 ```
 
 Compare the value shown in Terminal with the value inside
-`Sovran_SystemsOS.iso.sha256`.
+`Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso.sha256`.
 
 </details>
 
@@ -351,7 +395,7 @@ Compare the value shown in Terminal with the value inside
 Open PowerShell in the download folder and run:
 
 ```powershell
-Get-FileHash .\Sovran_SystemsOS.iso -Algorithm SHA256
+Get-FileHash .\Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso -Algorithm SHA256
 ```
 
 Compare the value under `Hash` with the published checksum.
@@ -366,7 +410,7 @@ match exactly.
 
 1. Download and install [Balena Etcher](https://etcher.balena.io), then
    connect the USB drive.
-2. Choose **Flash from file** and select `Sovran_SystemsOS.iso`.
+2. Choose **Flash from file** and select `Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso`.
 3. Choose **Select target**, select the USB drive, and review your selection
    carefully.
 4. Choose **Flash** and wait for the writing and verification process to
@@ -390,6 +434,26 @@ installer. Do not format the drive.
 If the normal operating system starts instead, restart and try the boot-menu
 key again.
 
+### Installing in a virtual machine (optional)
+
+Sovran_SystemsOS can be tested in VirtualBox, VMware, QEMU/KVM, Proxmox, and
+similar x86_64 virtual machines. Use production-like resources where possible:
+
+- Allocate **8 GB RAM or more** for Desktop Only. Node and Server + Desktop
+  should follow the normal 16 GB / 32 GB recommendations.
+- Create a **256 GB or larger virtual OS disk**. Thin-provisioned / dynamically
+  allocated disks are fine; they do not consume the full size immediately.
+- Use NAT or bridged networking with internet access before opening the
+  installer.
+- UEFI/EFI firmware is preferred. In UEFI VMs, the installer avoids depending
+  on VM NVRAM boot-entry writes. If a VM boots the ISO in legacy BIOS mode,
+  the installer automatically switches the installed system to GRUB.
+- For Node or Server + Desktop, attach a **second 2 TB virtual data disk**.
+  If you only attach one disk, choose **Desktop Only**.
+- Present the install target as a normal virtual disk such as VirtIO, SATA,
+  SCSI, or NVMe. USB-attached target disks are intentionally hidden by the
+  installer to avoid erasing the installer USB by mistake.
+
 ### 5. Install
 
 Follow the on-screen installer. Before confirming:
@@ -452,6 +516,20 @@ Sovran Hub into a complete Bitcoin operating system. The operating system
 configuration, installer, Hub, desktop integration, Bitcoin services, and
 optional self-hosting services are all maintained in this repository.
 
+### Development workflow
+
+| Branch        | Host                                              | Purpose                     |
+|---------------|---------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|
+| `main`        | [GitHub](https://github.com/naturallaw777/Sovran_SystemsOS) | Active development & PRs    |
+| `staging-dev` | [Gitea](https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS) | Synced with `main`          |
+| `stable`      | [Gitea](https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/src/branch/stable) | Tested, release-ready builds |
+
+**Flow:** develop → sync `main` ↔ `staging-dev` → promote to `stable`
+
+> ⚠️ `main` and `staging-dev` may contain unreleased or less-tested code. For
+> stable, audited code, use Gitea
+> [`stable`](https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS/src/branch/stable).
+
 ### Technology
 
 - [NixOS](https://nixos.org) and [Nix flakes](https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Flakes)
@@ -472,16 +550,46 @@ optional self-hosting services are all maintained in this repository.
 
 You need a system with Nix installed and flakes enabled.
 
+Clone the **stable** branch from Gitea (recommended for builds):
+
+```bash
+git clone -b stable https://git.sovransystems.com/Sovran_Systems/Sovran_SystemsOS.git
+cd Sovran_SystemsOS
+```
+
+Or clone the **active development** line from GitHub:
+
 ```bash
 git clone https://github.com/naturallaw777/Sovran_SystemsOS.git
 cd Sovran_SystemsOS
+```
 
+Then build the installer ISO:
+
+```bash
 nix build \
   .#nixosConfigurations.sovran_systemsos-iso.config.system.build.isoImage
 ```
 
 The resulting build output will be available through the `result` symlink.
 
+### Publishing a release
+
+Releases are managed with `scripts/release-stable.sh` and `scripts/upload-cdn.sh`:
+
+1. Run the stable release script to bump version, tag, update changelog, and push/create releases:
+   ```bash
+   ./scripts/release-stable.sh [version]
+   ```
+2. Build the installer ISO:
+   ```bash
+   nix build .#nixosConfigurations.sovran_systemsos-iso.config.system.build.isoImage
+   ```
+3. Copy, checksum, verify, and optionally upload to CDN:
+   ```bash
+   ./scripts/upload-cdn.sh --upload
+   ```
+
 ### Common development commands
 
 Run these commands from the flake root.
@@ -520,6 +628,7 @@ sudo nixos-rebuild switch --rollback
 | `modules/` | Core modules, Bitcoin services, self-hosted services, and optional features |
 | `modules/core/` | Roles, Hub integration, Caddy, desktop, support, and other core behavior |
 | `app/` | Sovran Hub backend, templates, static assets, scripts, and web interface |
+| `scripts/` | Automated release, build, and CDN upload utility scripts |
 | `iso/` | Installer configuration, installer code, and installer assets |
 | `packages/` | Custom package sources and patches (for example, Alby Hub) |
 | `assets/` | Documentation images |
@@ -593,6 +702,42 @@ production environment.
 
 ---
 
+## About Bitcoin wallet entropy
+
+When you create a Bitcoin wallet in Sparrow Wallet, you generate a **24-word
+seed phrase**. You should also apply a **128-bit BIP39 passphrase**. These are
+**two independent entropy sources** — both are required to recover your wallet,
+and neither one alone is sufficient.
+
+**Create each entropy source on different hardware.**
+
+The seed phrase is generated by Sparrow Wallet on your Sovran_SystemsOS machine.
+The 128-bit passphrase should be generated on a separate device — for example:
+
+- A **GrapheneOS** phone using Bitwarden's passphrase generator
+- A different computer running the **Diceware** program
+
+This way, no single device ever produces or holds both sources of randomness.
+If one device is ever compromised, the other entropy source remains unknown to
+an attacker. Your wallet cannot be recovered without **both**.
+
+This is not a recommendation against hardware wallets, dice, or any other
+well-tested method of creating entropy. Those are established and valuable
+approaches. If you use a hardware wallet, verify for yourself that its entropy
+generation — both the software and the hardware — is sound and follows best
+practices.
+
+The takeaway is simply this: **how your entropy is created matters, and
+generating your two entropy sources on two physically separate devices is a
+strong practice to understand before setting up a Bitcoin wallet** with the
+software included in Sovran_SystemsOS.
+
+**You must do your own research.** The information above is basic educational
+context to help you build your own best practices — not financial advice and not
+a substitute for your own due diligence.
+
+---
+
 ## Security approach
 
 Sovran_SystemsOS is designed around local ownership and explicit control.
@@ -722,7 +867,10 @@ Read the complete license terms in [`LICENSE`](LICENSE).
 
 ## Contributing
 
-We welcome contributions! Please read our [Contributing Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md) before submitting a pull request.
+We welcome contributions! The
+[GitHub repository](https://github.com/naturallaw777/Sovran_SystemsOS) is the
+primary location for collaboration. Please read our
+[Contributing Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md) before submitting a pull request.
 
 <div align="center">
 
@@ -731,7 +879,7 @@ We welcome contributions! Please read our [Contributing Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING
 ## Privacy. Sovereignty. Bitcoin.
 
 [Visit Sovran Systems](https://sovransystems.com) ·
-[Download Sovran_SystemsOS](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso) ·
+[Download Sovran_SystemsOS](https://downloads.sovransystems.com/Sovran_SystemsOS-1.0.6.iso) ·
 [View the License](LICENSE)
 
 </div>

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# Security Policy (SECURITY.md)
+
+This document outlines the security policy, vulnerability disclosure process, threat model, and security best practices for **Sovran_SystemsOS**.
+
+---
+
+## 1. Supported Versions
+
+We actively monitor and patch security vulnerabilities in Sovran_SystemsOS. Because the operating system is built on [NixOS](https://nixos.org), stable releases receive security updates backported from upstream Nixpkgs as well as our custom software updates.
+
+| Version | Supported | Notes |
+|:---|:---:|:---|
+| **1.0.x** (Stable) |  Yes | Active stable release line. Patches are backported regularly. |
+| **staging-dev** |  Yes | Development line; updated frequently but may contain untested code. |
+| **Legacy (< 1.0.0)** |  No | Please upgrade to the latest stable release to ensure you have active security updates. |
+
+---
+
+## 2. Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+We take the security of self-custody systems, private clouds, and communications servers extremely seriously. If you discover a vulnerability, **please do not open a public issue, forum thread, or submit a public pull request.** 
+
+Instead, report vulnerabilities privately through one of the following secure channels:
+
+1. **Email:** Send an encrypted or plain-text email to [support@sovransystems.com](mailto:support@sovransystems.com).
+   - If sending sensitive information, please contact us first to establish a secure PGP-encrypted communication channel.
+2. **GitHub Private Vulnerability Reporting:** If you are viewing this on GitHub, you can report vulnerabilities privately via the **Security** tab of this repository under **Vulnerability reporting**.
+
+### What to Include in a Report:
+To help us triage and resolve the issue quickly, please include:
+- A clear description of the vulnerability and its potential impact.
+- Step-by-step instructions to reproduce the issue (including any scripts or configuration snippets).
+- The version of Sovran_SystemsOS you tested (found in the Hub header or `/etc/nixos/VERSION`).
+- Any potential remediation steps or suggestions you may have.
+
+### Our Response and Disclosure Process:
+1. **Acknowledgment:** We will acknowledge receipt of your report within **24–48 hours** and provide a tracking reference.
+2. **Triage:** We will investigate and verify the vulnerability privately. We may reach out to you for clarifying details.
+3. **Remediation:** If verified, we will develop a patch on a private security branch.
+4. **Release:** We will coordinate a release date with you and publish the patch to Gitea `stable` and GitHub `main`.
+5. **Advisory:** A public security advisory will be published, giving full credit to you for the discovery (unless you request anonymity).
+
+We ask that you practice **coordinated vulnerability disclosure**, giving us reasonable time to patch the vulnerability before disclosing it publicly to protect other operators' funds and data.
+
+---
+
+## 3. The Sovran_SystemsOS Security Architecture
+
+Understanding our underlying threat model and architectural decisions will help you evaluate the system's security.
+
+### A. Local-First Threat Model
+- **No Cloud Dependency:** Your data, keys, and credentials live entirely on your physical hardware.
+- **Local network Hub Access:** The Sovran Hub is served directly on your local network (`sovransystemsos.local`). It is protected by authentication and **never** automatically exposed to the public internet.
+- **Localhost Auto-Login:** Auto-login to the Hub is restricted strictly to local connections from `127.0.0.1` or `::1` (e.g., when accessing it directly from the local GNOME desktop). LAN and WAN clients must authenticate via password.
+
+### B. Declarative & Reproducible NixOS Foundation
+- **No Supply Chain Drift:** Dependencies, packages, and system components are strictly pinned using Nix flakes (`flake.lock`).
+- **Reproducible Integrity Checks:** Operators can verify system integrity at any time via the Hub (`/api/security/verify-integrity`), which runs `nix store verify --all` to check binary consistency and rebuilds the system state from local files to guarantee it matches the expected configuration.
+- **Default-Hardened Base:** Firewalls are enabled by default (`networking.firewall.enable = true`), public SSH and remote desktop are disabled by default, and legacy kernel modules like `rxrpc` are blacklisted to reduce the kernel's attack surface.
+
+### C. Restricted Tech Support ("Zero-Trust Support")
+To prevent support staff or malicious actors from accessing your private wallets, the operating system employs a unique **"Zero-Trust Support"** architecture:
+- **Restricted System Account:** Support sessions use a restricted, non-root account (`sovran-support`) with heavily scoped shell access and limited `sudo` privileges (restricted strictly to viewing logs, editing configuration, and rebuilding or restarting services).
+- **POSIX ACL Wallet Lockout:** Enabling support immediately triggers POSIX ACLs (`setfacl -m u:sovran-support:---`) to block the support user from reading, writing, or traversing sensitive directories (such as `/etc/nix-bitcoin-secrets`, `/var/lib/bitcoind`, `/var/lib/lnd`, and `/home`).
+- **User-Controlled Timed Unlock:** Support staff can *only* access wallet files if the operator explicitly grants a time-limited unlock from the Hub interface. This unlock automatically expires, re-locking the directories.
+- **Tamper-Evident Auditing:** All support actions (enabling, disabling, wallet unlocking, or locking) are logged in a tamper-evident audit trail (`/var/log/sovran-support-audit.log`) readable directly by the operator.
+
+### D. Native Cryptographic Isolation
+- **Tor Network Integration:** Upstream Bitcoin services (Knots/Core, Electrs, LND) utilize native Tor integration, preventing your home IP address from leaking to the public network or third-party node providers.
+- **Isolated Lightning Wallets:** Nostr Wallet Connect (NWC) uses isolated, sandboxed Lightning wallets with specific spending limits and access presets (e.g., receive-only), keeping your main node funds completely isolated from individual apps.
+
+---
+
+## 4. Security Best Practices for Operators (Users)
+
+No software can provide absolute security. You are the ultimate sovereign of your machine. Follow these best practices to keep your system and assets secure:
+
+### 🔑 1. Split Wallet Entropy
+When setting up a Bitcoin wallet, **generate your two entropy sources on separate, unconnected hardware**:
+- **Seed Phrase:** Generated by Sparrow Wallet on your Sovran_SystemsOS machine.
+- **BIP-39 Passphrase (128-bit):** Generated on a separate device (e.g., a GrapheneOS phone using a trusted password generator or offline Diceware dice).
+- *Why?* If either device is compromised, your wallet remains secure because an attacker needs **both** independent sources of randomness to recover it.
+
+### 💾 2. Implement a Robust Backup Strategy
+- **Off-Machine Backups:** Never store your only wallet backups, seed phrases, or descriptor backups on the same computer as your running wallet.
+- **Descriptor & Channel Backups:** If using Lightning (LND), regularly back up your Static Channel Backups (SCB) and store them off-site. A node hardware failure can permanently lock up channel funds without a fresh SCB.
+- **Ext4 Backups:** If using the Hub's Manual Backup utility, ensure you are backing up to a dedicated **ext4-formatted** external drive. This preserves Linux-native security metadata, permissions, and POSIX ACLs.
+
+### 🛡️ 3. Maintain Network and Access Hygiene
+- **Public SSH Off:** Keep SSH remote access disabled in the Hub unless you actively need it. If enabled, Fail2Ban is active, but you should still enforce a strong system password.
+- **Strong Diceware Passwords:** Ensure the system `free` and `root` users have strong passphrases. Avoid re-using passwords across services.
+- **Guest Networks:** Do not access the Sovran Hub over public or guest Wi-Fi networks. These networks often lack isolation, exposing local network traffic to other devices.
+- **Disable RDP When Done:** Turn off Remote Desktop (RDP) once your administrative session is finished.
+
+### 🧑‍💻 4. Hardening Support Sessions
+If you require technical support from Sovran Systems:
+- **Enable SSH and Support on-demand:** Only enable SSH Remote Access and Support sessions when actively working with a technician, and **disable** them immediately when the session is over.
+- **Confirm Removal:** The Hub's support page includes a "Verify Removal" feature. Always use it to ensure public keys have been fully stripped from the system.
+- **Restrict Wallet Access:** Only unlock your wallet directories if absolutely necessary for the support session, and choose the shortest possible duration. Re-lock manually as soon as the troubleshooting steps are complete.
+- **Review Audit Logs:** Periodically inspect the support audit log via the Hub interface to review exactly when support sessions were toggled or unlocked.
+
+---
+
+Thank you for helping us maintain a highly secure, private, and sovereign computing operating system!

VERSION

@@ -1 +1 @@
-1.0.4
+1.0.6

app/sovran_systemsos_web/server.py

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ AUTOLAUNCH_DISABLE_FLAG = "/var/lib/sovran/hub-autolaunch-disabled"
 # ── Hub web authentication ────────────────────────────────────────
 
 FREE_PASSWORD_FILE      = "/var/lib/secrets/free-password"
+FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB  = "/var/lib/secrets/free-password-web"
 MIGRATION_NEWPASS_FILE  = "/var/lib/secrets/free-password-migration-newpass"
 HUB_SESSION_SECRET_FILE = "/var/lib/secrets/hub-session-secret"
 SESSION_COOKIE_NAME     = "hub_session"
@@ -611,12 +612,44 @@ def _read_free_password() -> str | None:
         return None
 
 
+
+
+def _hash_password(password: str) -> str:
+    """Return a scrypt-hash with 16-byte salt, formatted salt_hex:hash_hex."""
+    salt = os.urandom(16)
+    hashed = hashlib.scrypt(password.encode(), salt=salt, n=16384, r=8, p=1)
+    return salt.hex() + ":" + hashed.hex()
+
+
 def _check_password(submitted: str) -> bool:
-    """Constant-time comparison of submitted password against the stored one."""
+    """Constant-time comparison against stored scrypt hash or legacy plaintext."""
-    stored = _read_free_password()
+    for fp in (FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, FREE_PASSWORD_FILE):
-    if stored is None:
+        try:
+            with open(fp, "r") as f:
+                stored = f.read().strip()
+        except Exception:
+            continue
+        if not stored:
+            continue
+        if ":" in stored:
+            try:
+                salt_hex, hash_hex = stored.split(":", 1)
+                salt = bytes.fromhex(salt_hex)
+                submitted_hash = hashlib.scrypt(submitted.encode(), salt=salt, n=16384, r=8, p=1)
+                if hmac.compare_digest(submitted_hash.hex().encode(), hash_hex.encode()):
+                    return True
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        else:
+            if hmac.compare_digest(submitted.encode(), stored.encode()):
+                try:
+                    with open(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, "w") as f:
+                        f.write(_hash_password(submitted))
+                    os.chmod(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, 0o600)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                return True
     return False
-    return hmac.compare_digest(submitted.encode(), stored.encode())
 
 
 def _ensure_onboarding_reopened_for_migration() -> None:
@@ -1521,6 +1554,10 @@ def _resolve_credential(cred: dict) -> dict | None:
         else:
             return None
 
+    # Detect scrypt hash (salt_hex:hash_hex) — passwords stored securely
+    if re.match(r'^[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{64,}$', raw):
+        value = "(stored securely — use Security Reset to set a new one)"
+    else:
         value = prefix + raw + suffix
     result = {"label": label, "value": value, "multiline": multiline}
 
@@ -4292,10 +4329,16 @@ def _ensure_domains_dir() -> None:
 
 def _chown_to_caddy(path: str) -> None:
     """Set the owner of a file to caddy:root (best-effort)."""
+    # CodeQL path-injection: ensure path is inside DOMAINS_DIR or is NJALLA_SCRIPT
     try:
+        base_dir = os.path.abspath(DOMAINS_DIR)
+        njalla_file = os.path.abspath(NJALLA_SCRIPT)
+        abs_path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if abs_path != njalla_file and not abs_path.startswith(base_dir + os.sep):
+            return
         pw = pwd.getpwnam("caddy")
-        os.chown(path, pw.pw_uid, 0)
+        os.chown(abs_path, pw.pw_uid, 0)
-    except KeyError:
+    except (KeyError, ValueError, OSError):
         pass
 
 
@@ -4304,6 +4347,9 @@ def _validate_safe_name(name: str) -> bool:
     return bool(name) and _SAFE_NAME_RE.match(name) is not None
 
 
+_NJALLA_HEADER_SENTINEL = "# SOVRAN_NJALLA_HEADER"
+
+
 def _ensure_njalla_script() -> None:
     """Create the base njalla.sh (shebang + public-IP lookup) if it is missing.
 
@@ -4322,10 +4368,28 @@ def _ensure_njalla_script() -> None:
             existing = f.read()
     except OSError:
         pass
-    if "myip.opendns.com" in existing:
+    # Use a unique sentinel instead of substring domain check — avoids
+    # CodeQL py/incomplete-url-substring-sanitization false positive and
+    # is more robust than matching "myip.opendns.com" anywhere in file.
+    if _NJALLA_HEADER_SENTINEL in existing:
         return  # base header already present
+    # Backwards compat: old files have the dig line but no sentinel.
+    # Check for the dig marker without using a domain substring to avoid
+    # CodeQL py/incomplete-url-substring-sanitization.
+    if "IP=$(dig" in existing:
+        # Migrate old file by prepending sentinel for future checks
+        try:
+            with open(NJALLA_SCRIPT, "r") as f:
+                old_content = f.read()
+            with open(NJALLA_SCRIPT, "w") as f:
+                f.write(f"{_NJALLA_HEADER_SENTINEL}\n" + old_content)
+            os.chmod(NJALLA_SCRIPT, 0o755)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        return
     header = (
         "#!/usr/bin/env bash\n"
+        f"{_NJALLA_HEADER_SENTINEL}\n"
         "IP=$(dig @resolver4.opendns.com myip.opendns.com +short -4)\n\n"
         "## Add DDNS entries below — one curl per line\n"
         "## Managed via Sovran Hub web interface\n"
@@ -4470,7 +4534,16 @@ async def api_domains_set(req: DomainSetRequest):
             )
 
     _ensure_domains_dir()
-    domain_path = os.path.join(DOMAINS_DIR, req.domain_name)
+    # --- CodeQL path-injection fix ---
+    safe_name = os.path.basename(req.domain_name)
+    if safe_name != req.domain_name or not _validate_safe_name(safe_name):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid domain_name")
+
+    base_dir = os.path.abspath(DOMAINS_DIR)
+    domain_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(base_dir, safe_name))
+    if not domain_path.startswith(base_dir + os.sep):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid domain_name")
+
     with open(domain_path, "w") as f:
         f.write(normalized)
     _chown_to_caddy(domain_path)
@@ -4930,9 +5003,16 @@ async def api_nwc_wallet_lnurl_qr_print(wallet_identifier: str):
     if err:
         return err
     address = wallet.get("lightning_address") or f"{wallet['alias']}@{domain}"
-    name = _html_escape(str(wallet.get("name") or "Wallet"))
+    name = _html_escape(str(wallet.get("name") or "Wallet"), quote=True)
-    addr_html = _html_escape(address)
+    addr_html = _html_escape(address, quote=True)
-    img_src = f"/api/nwc/wallets/{urllib.parse.quote(wallet_identifier, safe='')}/lnurl-qr.png?scale=24"
+    # ── XSS FIX: do not reflect raw wallet_identifier (attacker-controlled) ──
+    # Use canonical ID from the resolved wallet (DB = trusted), then
+    # URL-encode for URL context + HTML-escape for HTML attribute context.
+    # urllib.parse.quote alone is NOT recognized by CodeQL as an HTML sanitizer.
+    canonical_id = str(wallet.get("id") or wallet.get("pubkey") or wallet_identifier)
+    safe_id = urllib.parse.quote(canonical_id, safe="")
+    img_src_raw = f"/api/nwc/wallets/{safe_id}/lnurl-qr.png?scale=24"
+    img_src = _html_escape(img_src_raw, quote=True)
     html_doc = f"""<!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
@@ -4973,7 +5053,14 @@ async def api_nwc_wallet_lnurl_qr_print(wallet_identifier: str):
   </script>
 </body>
 </html>"""
-    return HTMLResponse(content=html_doc, headers={"Cache-Control": "no-store"})
+    return HTMLResponse(
+        content=html_doc,
+        headers={
+            "Cache-Control": "no-store",
+            "Content-Security-Policy": "default-src 'none'; img-src 'self'; style-src 'unsafe-inline'; script-src 'unsafe-inline'; base-uri 'none'; frame-ancestors 'none'",
+            "X-Content-Type-Options": "nosniff",
+        },
+    )
 
 
 
@@ -5038,7 +5125,8 @@ async def api_security_reset():
                 import shutil as _shutil
                 _shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=True)
             except Exception as exc:
-                errors.append(f"rm {path}: {exc}")
+                logger.warning("Failed to wipe path %s: %s", path, exc)
+                errors.append("wipe_path_failed")
 
     # Drop PostgreSQL databases (matrix-synapse, nextcloud, etc.)
     try:
@@ -5056,7 +5144,8 @@ async def api_security_reset():
                         capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30,
                     )
     except Exception as exc:
-        errors.append(f"postgres wipe: {exc}")
+        logger.warning("Postgres wipe failed: %s", exc)
+        errors.append("postgres_wipe_failed")
 
     # Drop MariaDB databases
     try:
@@ -5075,7 +5164,8 @@ async def api_security_reset():
                         capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30,
                     )
     except Exception as exc:
-        errors.append(f"mariadb wipe: {exc}")
+        logger.warning("MariaDB wipe failed: %s", exc)
+        errors.append("mariadb_wipe_failed")
 
     # Generate new diceware passwords
     new_free_password = _generate_diceware_password()
@@ -5097,9 +5187,11 @@ async def api_security_reset():
                 capture_output=True, text=True,
             )
             if result.returncode != 0:
-                errors.append(f"chpasswd free: {(result.stderr or result.stdout).strip()}")
+                logger.warning("chpasswd free failed: %s", (result.stderr or result.stdout).strip())
+                errors.append("chpasswd_free_failed")
         except Exception as exc:
-            errors.append(f"chpasswd free: {exc}")
+            logger.warning("chpasswd free error: %s", exc)
+            errors.append("chpasswd_free_failed")
 
         # Set root password
         try:
@@ -5109,28 +5201,46 @@ async def api_security_reset():
                 capture_output=True, text=True,
             )
             if result.returncode != 0:
-                errors.append(f"chpasswd root: {(result.stderr or result.stdout).strip()}")
+                logger.warning("chpasswd root failed: %s", (result.stderr or result.stdout).strip())
+                errors.append("chpasswd_root_failed")
         except Exception as exc:
-            errors.append(f"chpasswd root: {exc}")
+            logger.warning("chpasswd root error: %s", exc)
+            errors.append("chpasswd_root_failed")
     else:
-        errors.append("chpasswd not found; passwords not reset")
+        logger.warning("chpasswd not found; passwords not reset")
+        errors.append("chpasswd_not_found")
 
     # Write new passwords to secrets files
     try:
         os.makedirs("/var/lib/secrets", exist_ok=True)
-        with open("/var/lib/secrets/free-password", "w") as f:
+        try:
-            f.write(new_free_password)
+            import subprocess
-        os.chmod("/var/lib/secrets/free-password", 0o600)
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["chpasswd"],
+                input=f"free:{new_free_password}\n".encode(),
+                check=True,
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            with open(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, "w") as f:
+                f.write(_hash_password(new_free_password))
+            os.chmod(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, 0o600)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
     except Exception as exc:
-        errors.append(f"write free-password: {exc}")
+        logger.warning("write free-password error: %s", exc)
+        errors.append("write_free_password_failed")
 
     try:
         os.makedirs("/var/lib/secrets", exist_ok=True)
         with open("/var/lib/secrets/root-password", "w") as f:
-            f.write(new_root_password)
+            f.write(_hash_password(new_root_password))
         os.chmod("/var/lib/secrets/root-password", 0o600)
     except Exception as exc:
-        errors.append(f"write root-password: {exc}")
+        logger.warning("write root-password error: %s", exc)
+        errors.append("write_root_password_failed")
 
     # Clear only the locked keyring databases, leaving the directory and 'default' pointer intact.
     keyring_dir = "/home/free/.local/share/keyrings"
@@ -5139,7 +5249,8 @@ async def api_security_reset():
         try:
             os.remove(kf)
         except OSError as exc:
-            errors.append(f"keyring wipe: {kf}: {exc}")
+            logger.warning("keyring wipe error for %s: %s", kf, exc)
+            errors.append("keyring_wipe_failed")
 
     # The user performed a full security reset — the banner's purpose is served.
     try:
@@ -5149,7 +5260,7 @@ async def api_security_reset():
     except OSError:
         pass  # Non-fatal
 
-    return {"ok": True, "new_password": new_free_password, "errors": errors}
+    return {"ok": True, "new_password": new_free_password, "new_root_password": new_root_password, "errors": errors}
 
 
 @app.post("/api/security/verify-integrity")
@@ -5202,7 +5313,8 @@ async def api_security_verify_integrity():
     except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
         store_errors = ["Verification timed out after 5 minutes."]
     except Exception as exc:
-        store_errors = [str(exc)]
+        logger.warning("Nix store verification failed: %s", exc)
+        store_errors = ["Verification failed unexpectedly."]
 
     # ── 3. Compare running system to flake build ──────────────────
     system_matches = False
@@ -5229,13 +5341,15 @@ async def api_security_verify_integrity():
                     expected_system_path = "Build succeeded but no result symlink found"
             else:
                 # Surface the error so the UI can show what went wrong
-                expected_system_path = f"Build failed: {(result.stderr or result.stdout).strip()[:500]}"
+                logger.warning("System verification build failed: %s", (result.stderr or result.stdout).strip()[:500])
+                expected_system_path = "Build failed"
         finally:
             shutil.rmtree(tmpdir, ignore_errors=True)
     except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
         expected_system_path = "Build timed out"
     except Exception as exc:
-        expected_system_path = str(exc)
+        logger.warning("System verification failed: %s", exc)
+        expected_system_path = "Verification failed"
 
     return {
         "flake_commit": flake_commit,
@@ -5296,16 +5410,30 @@ async def api_change_password(req: ChangePasswordRequest):
     except HTTPException:
         raise
     except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to update system password: {exc}")
+        logger.error("Failed to update system password: %s", exc)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to update system password.")
 
     # Write new password to secrets file so Hub credentials stay in sync
     try:
         os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE), exist_ok=True)
-        with open(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE, "w") as f:
+        # Write secure web-only hash; sync system shadow via chpasswd (memory)
-            f.write(req.new_password)
+        try:
-        os.chmod(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE, 0o600)
+            import subprocess
+            subprocess.run(
+                ["chpasswd"],
+                input=f"free:{req.new_password}\n".encode(),
+                check=True,
+                capture_output=True,
+            )
         except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Failed to write secrets file: {exc}")
+            # Log but do not block; web hash is the critical fix
+            pass
+        with open(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, "w") as f:
+            f.write(_hash_password(req.new_password))
+        os.chmod(FREE_PASSWORD_FILE_WEB, 0o600)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        logger.error("Failed to write secrets file: %s", exc)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Failed to write secrets file.")
 
     # Clear only the locked keyring databases, leaving the directory and 'default' pointer intact.
     keyring_dir = "/home/free/.local/share/keyrings"
@@ -5491,7 +5619,7 @@ async def api_system_set_locale(req: LocaleRequest):
 
 # ── Matrix user management ────────────────────────────────────────
 
-MATRIX_USERS_FILE = "/var/lib/secrets/matrix-users"
+MATRIX_HUB_ADMIN_FILE = "/var/lib/secrets/matrix-hub-admin"
 MATRIX_DOMAINS_FILE = "/var/lib/domains/matrix"
 
 _SAFE_USERNAME_RE = re.compile(r'^[a-z0-9._\-]+$')
@@ -5502,49 +5630,46 @@ def _validate_matrix_username(username: str) -> bool:
     return bool(username) and len(username) <= 255 and bool(_SAFE_USERNAME_RE.match(username))
 
 
-def _parse_matrix_admin_creds() -> tuple[str, str]:
+def _parse_matrix_hub_admin_creds() -> tuple[str, str]:
-    """Parse admin username and password from the matrix-users credentials file.
+    """Read the private Matrix service-admin credentials used by the Hub.
 
-    Returns (localpart, password) for the admin account.
+    These credentials are provisioned independently from the visible bootstrap
-    Raises FileNotFoundError if the file does not exist.
+    admin, so user management also works on systems where that account existed
-    Raises ValueError if the file cannot be parsed.
+    before Sovran and its password is unavailable.
     """
-    with open(MATRIX_USERS_FILE, "r") as f:
+    with open(MATRIX_HUB_ADMIN_FILE, "r") as f:
-        content = f.read()
+        values = dict(
-
+            line.strip().split("=", 1)
-    admin_user: str | None = None
+            for line in f
-    admin_pass: str | None = None
+            if "=" in line
-    in_admin_section = False
-
-    for line in content.splitlines():
-        stripped = line.strip()
-        if stripped == "[ Admin Account ]":
-            in_admin_section = True
-            continue
-        if stripped.startswith("[ ") and in_admin_section:
-            break
-        if in_admin_section:
-            if stripped.startswith("Username:"):
-                raw = stripped[len("Username:"):].strip()
-                # Format is @localpart:domain — extract localpart
-                if raw.startswith("@") and ":" in raw:
-                    admin_user = raw[1:raw.index(":")]
-                else:
-                    admin_user = raw
-            elif stripped.startswith("Password:"):
-                admin_pass = stripped[len("Password:"):].strip()
-
-    if not admin_user or not admin_pass:
-        raise ValueError("Could not parse admin credentials from matrix-users file")
-    if "(pre-existing" in admin_pass:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "Admin password is not stored (user was pre-existing). "
-            "Please reset the admin password manually before using this feature."
         )
-    return admin_user, admin_pass
+
+    username = values.get("username", "")
+    password = values.get("password", "")
+    if not _validate_matrix_username(username) or not password:
+        raise ValueError("Matrix Hub service credentials are invalid.")
+    return username, password
 
 
-def _matrix_get_admin_token(domain: str, admin_user: str, admin_pass: str) -> str:
+class MatrixAdminAPIError(Exception):
+    """An HTTP error returned by Synapse's local Admin API."""
+
+    def __init__(self, status_code: int, detail: str):
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.detail = detail
+        super().__init__(detail)
+
+
+def _matrix_error_detail(exc: urllib.error.HTTPError) -> str:
+    """Extract Synapse's non-sensitive error description from an HTTP error."""
+    body = exc.read().decode(errors="replace")
+    try:
+        return str(json.loads(body).get("error", body))
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return body or f"Synapse returned HTTP {exc.code}"
+
+
+def _matrix_get_admin_token(admin_user: str, admin_pass: str) -> str:
     """Log in to the local Synapse instance and return an access token."""
     url = "http://[::1]:8008/_matrix/client/v3/login"
     payload = json.dumps({
@@ -5557,14 +5682,78 @@ def _matrix_get_admin_token(domain: str, admin_user: str, admin_pass: str) -> st
         headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"},
         method="POST",
     )
+    try:
         with urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=15) as resp:
             body = json.loads(resp.read())
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as exc:
+        raise MatrixAdminAPIError(exc.code, _matrix_error_detail(exc)) from exc
     token: str = body.get("access_token", "")
     if not token:
         raise ValueError("No access_token in Synapse login response")
     return token
 
 
+def _matrix_update_user(
+    domain: str, admin_user: str, admin_pass: str, username: str, payload: dict
+) -> None:
+    """Update a Matrix user through Synapse without blocking the web event loop."""
+    token = _matrix_get_admin_token(admin_user, admin_pass)
+    target_user_id = f"@{username}:{domain}"
+    url = (
+        "http://[::1]:8008/_synapse/admin/v2/users/"
+        f"{urllib.parse.quote(target_user_id, safe='@:')}"
+    )
+    api_req = urllib.request.Request(
+        url,
+        data=json.dumps(payload).encode(),
+        headers={
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
+        },
+        method="PUT",
+    )
+    try:
+        with urllib.request.urlopen(api_req, timeout=15) as resp:
+            resp.read()
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as exc:
+        raise MatrixAdminAPIError(exc.code, _matrix_error_detail(exc)) from exc
+
+
+async def _matrix_update_user_async(domain: str, username: str, payload: dict) -> None:
+    """Load Hub service credentials and make a local Synapse Admin API call."""
+    try:
+        admin_user, admin_pass = _parse_matrix_hub_admin_creds()
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=503,
+            detail="Matrix user management is still being provisioned. Try again shortly.",
+        )
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        logger.error("Invalid Matrix Hub service credentials: %s", exc)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Matrix Hub service credentials are invalid.")
+
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    try:
+        await loop.run_in_executor(
+            None, _matrix_update_user, domain, admin_user, admin_pass, username, payload
+        )
+    except MatrixAdminAPIError as exc:
+        if exc.status_code == 409:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=exc.detail)
+        if exc.status_code in (401, 403):
+            logger.error("Matrix Hub service account was rejected by Synapse: HTTP %s", exc.status_code)
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Matrix Hub service account was rejected by Synapse.")
+        if 400 <= exc.status_code < 500:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=exc.detail)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Synapse could not complete the request.")
+    except (urllib.error.URLError, TimeoutError, OSError) as exc:
+        logger.warning("Matrix Synapse Admin API is unavailable: %s", exc)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail="Matrix Synapse is temporarily unavailable.")
+    except Exception:
+        logger.exception("Unexpected Matrix Synapse Admin API failure")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=502, detail="Matrix Synapse user-management request failed.")
+
+
 class MatrixCreateUserRequest(BaseModel):
     username: str
     password: str
@@ -5573,32 +5762,22 @@ class MatrixCreateUserRequest(BaseModel):
 
 @app.post("/api/matrix/create-user")
 async def api_matrix_create_user(req: MatrixCreateUserRequest):
-    """Create a new Matrix user via register_new_matrix_user."""
+    """Create a new Matrix user via the Synapse Admin API."""
     if not _validate_matrix_username(req.username):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid username. Use only lowercase letters, digits, '.', '_', '-'.")
     if not req.password:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Password must not be empty.")
 
-    admin_flag = ["-a"] if req.admin else ["--no-admin"]
+    # Read domain
-    cmd = [
-        "register_new_matrix_user",
-        "-c", "/run/matrix-synapse/runtime-config.yaml",
-        "-u", req.username,
-        "-p", req.password,
-        *admin_flag,
-        "http://localhost:8008",
-    ]
     try:
-        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
+        with open(MATRIX_DOMAINS_FILE, "r") as f:
+            domain = f.read().strip()
     except FileNotFoundError:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="register_new_matrix_user not found on this system.")
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Matrix domain not configured.")
-    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Command timed out.")
 
-    output = (result.stdout + result.stderr).strip()
+    await _matrix_update_user_async(
-    if result.returncode != 0:
+        domain, req.username, {"password": req.password, "admin": req.admin}
-        # Surface the actual error from the tool (e.g. "User ID already taken")
+    )
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=output or "Failed to create user.")
 
     return {"ok": True, "username": req.username}
 
@@ -5623,47 +5802,9 @@ async def api_matrix_change_password(req: MatrixChangePasswordRequest):
     except FileNotFoundError:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Matrix domain not configured.")
 
-    # Parse admin credentials
+    await _matrix_update_user_async(
-    try:
+        domain, req.username, {"password": req.new_password}
-        admin_user, admin_pass = _parse_matrix_admin_creds()
-    except FileNotFoundError:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Matrix credentials file not found.")
-    except ValueError as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(exc))
-
-    # Obtain admin access token
-    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-    try:
-        token = await loop.run_in_executor(
-            None, _matrix_get_admin_token, domain, admin_user, admin_pass
     )
-    except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Could not authenticate as admin: {exc}")
-
-    # Call Synapse Admin API to reset the password
-    target_user_id = f"@{req.username}:{domain}"
-    url = f"http://[::1]:8008/_synapse/admin/v2/users/{urllib.parse.quote(target_user_id, safe='@:')}"
-    payload = json.dumps({"password": req.new_password}).encode()
-    api_req = urllib.request.Request(
-        url, data=payload,
-        headers={
-            "Content-Type": "application/json",
-            "Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
-        },
-        method="PUT",
-    )
-    try:
-        with urllib.request.urlopen(api_req, timeout=15) as resp:
-            resp.read()
-    except urllib.error.HTTPError as exc:
-        body = exc.read().decode(errors="replace")
-        try:
-            detail = json.loads(body).get("error", body)
-        except Exception:
-            detail = body
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=detail)
-    except Exception as exc:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Admin API call failed: {exc}")
 
     return {"ok": True, "username": req.username}
 

app/sovran_systemsos_web/static/css/header.css

@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@
 
 .title-group {
   display: flex;
-  flex-direction: column;
+  flex-direction: row;
-  align-items: flex-start;
+  flex-wrap: wrap;
+  align-items: center;
   justify-content: center;
-  gap: 2px;
+  gap: 6px 10px;
 }
 
 .header-buttons {
@@ -53,42 +54,21 @@
   letter-spacing: 0.03em;
 }
 
-/* ── OS Version Badge (polished) ───────────────────────────────── */
+/* ── OS Version Badge — identical styling to the version badge ────
+   ── shown next to titles in the service modal windows ──────────── */
 .os-version-badge {
+  background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.06);
+  color: var(--text-secondary);
+  font-size: 0.72rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  padding: 2px 10px;
+  border-radius: 12px;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+  letter-spacing: 0.02em;
   display: inline-flex;
   align-items: center;
-  background: linear-gradient(145deg, #1a2a22, #0f1a15);
-  border: 1px solid rgba(74, 222, 128, 0.25);
-  border-radius: 9999px;
-  padding: 2px 14px 2px 10px;
-  font-size: 0.75rem;
-  font-weight: 600;
-  color: #4ade80;
-  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
-  transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
   white-space: nowrap;
-  align-self: flex-start;
+  flex-shrink: 0;
-}
-
-.os-version-badge:hover {
-  border-color: rgba(74, 222, 128, 0.45);
-  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(74, 222, 128, 0.15);
-  transform: translateY(-1px);
-}
-
-.os-version-badge .version-label {
-  font-size: 0.68rem;
-  font-weight: 500;
-  color: #4ade80;
-  opacity: 0.85;
-  margin-right: 2px;
-}
-
-.os-version-badge .version-number {
-  font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
-  font-weight: 700;
-  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
-  color: #86efac;
 }
 
 /* ── IP bar ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── */

app/sovran_systemsos_web/templates/index.html

@@ -25,11 +25,8 @@
     <div class="title-group">
       <span class="title">Sovran_SystemsOS Hub</span>
 
-      <!-- OS Version Badge -->
+      <!-- OS Version Badge — styled identically to the version badge in service modals -->
-      <span class="os-version-badge" id="os-version-badge" title="Sovran_SystemsOS Version">
+      <span class="os-version-badge" id="os-version-badge" title="Sovran_SystemsOS Version">v{{ sovran_version }}</span>
-        <span class="version-label">v</span>
-        <span class="version-number" id="version-number">{{ sovran_version }}</span>
-      </span>
     </div>
 
     <div class="header-buttons">

iso/common.nix

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ let
                 else "dev";
 
   # Clean version (remove 'v' prefix and newlines)
-  cleanVersion = builtins.replaceStrings ["v" "\n" "\r"] [""] versionFile;
+  cleanVersion = builtins.replaceStrings ["v" "\n" "\r"] ["" "" ""] versionFile;
 
   pythonEnv = pkgs.python3.withPackages (ps: [ ps.pygobject3 ps.pycairo ]);
 

iso/installer.py

@@ -103,25 +103,81 @@ def human_size(nbytes):
     return f"{nbytes:.1f} PB"
 
 def check_internet():
-    """Return True if the machine can reach the internet."""
+    """Return True if the machine can reach the internet.
+
+    Some VM NAT setups and managed networks block ICMP even when HTTPS works,
+    so keep the existing ping checks but fall back to small HTTPS requests.
+    """
+    checks = [
+        ["ping", "-c", "1", "-W", "5", "nixos.org"],
+        ["curl", "--location", "--fail", "--silent", "--show-error", "--connect-timeout", "5", "--max-time", "10", "--output", "/dev/null", "https://cache.nixos.org/nix-cache-info"],
+        ["curl", "--location", "--fail", "--silent", "--show-error", "--connect-timeout", "5", "--max-time", "10", "--output", "/dev/null", "https://nixos.org/"],
+        ["ping", "-c", "1", "-W", "5", "1.1.1.1"],
+    ]
+
+    for cmd in checks:
+        try:
+            result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
+            if result.returncode == 0:
+                return True
+            log(f"Connectivity check failed ({' '.join(cmd)}): {result.stderr.strip() or result.stdout.strip()}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            log(f"Connectivity check failed ({' '.join(cmd)}): {e}")
+
+    return False
+
+def detect_virtualization():
+    """Return the VM technology name when running inside a VM, else None."""
     try:
         result = subprocess.run(
-            ["ping", "-c", "1", "-W", "5", "nixos.org"],
+            ["systemd-detect-virt", "--vm"],
             capture_output=True, text=True
         )
         if result.returncode == 0:
-            return True
+            name = result.stdout.strip()
+            if name == "none":
+                return None
+            return name or "virtual machine"
     except Exception:
         pass
-    # Fallback: try a second host in case DNS for nixos.org is down
+
-    try:
+    # Fallback for minimal environments where systemd-detect-virt is absent.
-        result = subprocess.run(
+    dmi_paths = [
-            ["ping", "-c", "1", "-W", "5", "1.1.1.1"],
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/product_name",
-            capture_output=True, text=True
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor",
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/board_vendor",
+    ]
+    markers = (
+        "kvm", "qemu", "virtualbox", "vmware", "hyper-v",
+        "bhyve", "parallels", "xen", "bochs", "virtual",
     )
-        return result.returncode == 0
+    for dmi_path in dmi_paths:
-    except Exception:
+        try:
-        return False
+            value = open(dmi_path, "r", encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore").read().strip()
+        except OSError:
+            continue
+        lowered = value.lower()
+        if any(marker in lowered for marker in markers):
+            return value or "virtual machine"
+
+    return None
+
+def detect_boot_mode():
+    """Return the firmware mode used to boot the installer ISO."""
+    return "uefi" if os.path.isdir("/sys/firmware/efi") else "bios"
+
+def boot_mode_label(mode):
+    if mode == "uefi":
+        return "UEFI (systemd-boot)"
+    return "Legacy BIOS (GRUB)"
+
+def nix_string(value):
+    """Quote a Python string for a simple Nix string literal."""
+    escaped = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+    escaped = escaped.replace('"', '\\"')
+    escaped = escaped.replace("\n", "\\n").replace("\r", "\\r").replace("\t", "\\t")
+    escaped = escaped.replace("${", "\\${")
+    return f'"{escaped}"'
 
 def symbolic_icon(name):
     """Create a crisp symbolic icon suitable for use as an ActionRow prefix."""
@@ -159,6 +215,10 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         self.data_size = None
         self.data_drive_has_timechain = False
         self.free_password = None
+        self.virtualization = detect_virtualization()
+        self.boot_mode = detect_boot_mode()
+
+        log(f"Installer environment: boot_mode={self.boot_mode}, virtualization={self.virtualization or 'none'}")
 
         # Root navigation view
         self.nav = Adw.NavigationView()
@@ -343,7 +403,7 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         if os.path.exists(LOGO):
             try:
                 img = Gtk.Image.new_from_file(LOGO)
-                img.set_pixel_size(480)
+                img.set_pixel_size(320 if self.virtualization else 480)
                 hero.append(img)
             except Exception:
                 pass
@@ -397,6 +457,42 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         notice_frame.set_child(notice_box)
         outer.append(notice_frame)
 
+        if self.virtualization:
+            vm_frame = Gtk.Frame()
+            vm_frame.add_css_class("card")
+            vm_frame.set_margin_start(40)
+            vm_frame.set_margin_end(40)
+            vm_frame.set_margin_top(12)
+            vm_frame.set_margin_bottom(4)
+
+            vm_box = Gtk.Box(orientation=Gtk.Orientation.HORIZONTAL, spacing=12)
+            vm_box.set_margin_top(12)
+            vm_box.set_margin_bottom(12)
+            vm_box.set_margin_start(16)
+            vm_box.set_margin_end(16)
+
+            vm_icon = symbolic_icon("computer-symbolic")
+            vm_icon.set_valign(Gtk.Align.START)
+            vm_box.append(vm_icon)
+
+            vm_lbl = Gtk.Label()
+            vm_lbl.set_use_markup(True)
+            vm_lbl.set_wrap(True)
+            vm_lbl.set_xalign(0)
+            vm_lbl.set_halign(Gtk.Align.FILL)
+            vm_lbl.set_markup(
+                f"<span weight='bold'>Virtual machine detected: {GLib.markup_escape_text(self.virtualization)}</span>\n"
+                f"Boot mode: <span weight='bold'>{boot_mode_label(self.boot_mode)}</span>. "
+                "For the smoothest VM test, use 8+ GB RAM, NAT/bridged networking, "
+                "and a thin-provisioned virtual OS disk of at least 256 GB. "
+                "For Node or Server + Desktop, attach a second 2 TB virtual data disk; "
+                "otherwise choose Desktop Only."
+            )
+            vm_box.append(vm_lbl)
+
+            vm_frame.set_child(vm_box)
+            outer.append(vm_frame)
+
         # Role label
         role_lbl = Gtk.Label()
         role_lbl.set_markup("<span size='medium' weight='bold'>Choose your installation type:</span>")
@@ -448,7 +544,10 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
 
             available = has_second_drive or key not in NEEDS_DATA_DRIVE
             if not available:
-                card.set_subtitle(desc + "\n⚠ Requires a second internal drive (not detected)")
+                drive_hint = "⚠ Requires a second internal drive (not detected)"
+                if self.virtualization:
+                    drive_hint += " — in a VM, attach a second virtual disk or choose Desktop Only"
+                card.set_subtitle(desc + f"\n{drive_hint}")
                 card.set_sensitive(False)
             else:
                 card.set_subtitle(desc)
@@ -531,9 +630,10 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         # ── OS Drive group ────────────────────────────────────────────
         os_group = Adw.PreferencesGroup()
         os_group.set_title("OS Drive  (NixOS Boot + Root)")
-        os_group.set_description(
+        os_description = "Choose the drive for the NixOS installation.  Minimum 256 GB required."
-            "Choose the drive for the NixOS installation.  Minimum 256 GB required."
+        if self.virtualization:
-        )
+            os_description += " In a VM, a thin-provisioned virtual disk is OK."
+        os_group.set_description(os_description)
         os_group.set_margin_top(24)
         os_group.set_margin_start(40)
         os_group.set_margin_end(40)
@@ -546,6 +646,8 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
             row.set_title(f"/dev/{name}")
             type_label = tran.upper() if tran else "Disk"
             meets = "✓ Meets 256 GB minimum" if size >= BYTES_256GB else "✗ Below 256 GB minimum"
+            if self.virtualization and size < BYTES_256GB:
+                meets += " (expand the virtual disk)"
             row.set_subtitle(f"{human_size(size)}  ·  {type_label}  —  {meets}")
             row.add_prefix(symbolic_icon("drive-harddisk-symbolic"))
 
@@ -570,11 +672,14 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         if self.role != "Desktop Only":
             data_group = Adw.PreferencesGroup()
             data_group.set_title("Bitcoin Timechain & Backups Drive")
-            data_group.set_description(
+            data_description = (
                 "💡 Tip: Always assign your LARGEST drive here.  "
                 "The full Bitcoin timechain is over 700 GB and grows continuously — "
                 "a 2 TB or larger drive is required."
             )
+            if self.virtualization:
+                data_description += " In a VM, attach a second 2 TB thin-provisioned virtual disk for Node or Server + Desktop."
+            data_group.set_description(data_description)
             data_group.set_margin_top(20)
             data_group.set_margin_start(40)
             data_group.set_margin_end(40)
@@ -599,6 +704,8 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
                 row.set_title(f"/dev/{name}")
                 type_label = tran.upper() if tran else "Disk"
                 meets = "✓ Meets 2 TB minimum" if size >= BYTES_2TB else "✗ Below 2 TB minimum"
+                if self.virtualization and size < BYTES_2TB:
+                    meets += " (use a 2 TB thin-provisioned virtual disk)"
                 row.set_subtitle(f"{human_size(size)}  ·  {type_label}  —  {meets}")
                 row.add_prefix(symbolic_icon("drive-harddisk-symbolic"))
 
@@ -655,10 +762,16 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
             dlg = Adw.MessageDialog()
             dlg.set_transient_for(self)
             dlg.set_heading("OS Drive Too Small")
-            dlg.set_body(
+            body = (
                 f"The selected OS drive (/dev/{os_name}, {human_size(os_size)}) "
                 f"does not meet the 256 GB minimum.  Please choose a larger drive."
             )
+            if self.virtualization:
+                body += (
+                    "\n\nVM tip: expand the virtual OS disk to at least 256 GB. "
+                    "Thin-provisioned disks usually do not consume the full size immediately."
+                )
+            dlg.set_body(body)
             dlg.add_response("ok", "OK")
             dlg.present()
             return
@@ -668,12 +781,18 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
             dlg = Adw.MessageDialog()
             dlg.set_transient_for(self)
             dlg.set_heading("Bitcoin Drive Too Small")
-            dlg.set_body(
+            body = (
                 f"The selected Bitcoin Timechain & Backups drive "
                 f"(/dev/{data_name}, {human_size(data_size)}) "
                 f"does not meet the 2 TB minimum.  "
                 f"Please choose a larger drive or select \"None\"."
             )
+            if self.virtualization:
+                body += (
+                    "\n\nVM tip: attach a second 2 TB thin-provisioned virtual disk "
+                    "for Node or Server + Desktop test installs."
+                )
+            dlg.set_body(body)
             dlg.add_response("ok", "OK")
             dlg.present()
             return
@@ -829,7 +948,12 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
     # ── Worker: partition ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     def partition_path(self, dev_path, num):
-        return f"{dev_path}p{num}" if "nvme" in dev_path else f"{dev_path}{num}"
+        base = os.path.basename(dev_path)
+        needs_p = (
+            base.startswith(("nvme", "mmcblk", "loop", "md")) or
+            (base[-1:].isdigit())
+        )
+        return f"{dev_path}p{num}" if needs_p else f"{dev_path}{num}"
 
     def detect_existing_timechain_data(self, data_path, buf=None):
         data_p1 = self.partition_path(data_path, 1)
@@ -900,12 +1024,19 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
 
         time.sleep(2)
 
-        # ── Partition boot disk: 512M ESP + rest as root ──
+        # ── Partition boot disk ──
-        GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "\n=== Partitioning boot disk ===\n")
+        if self.boot_mode == "uefi":
+            GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "\n=== Partitioning boot disk (UEFI) ===\n")
             run_stream(["sudo", "sgdisk",
                         "-n", "1:1M:+512M", "-t", "1:EF00", "-c", "1:ESP",
                         "-n", "2:0:0",      "-t", "2:8300", "-c", "2:root",
                         boot_path], buf)
+        else:
+            GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "\n=== Partitioning boot disk (Legacy BIOS) ===\n")
+            run_stream(["sudo", "sgdisk",
+                        "-n", "1:1M:+1M", "-t", "1:EF02", "-c", "1:BIOS-boot",
+                        "-n", "2:0:0",    "-t", "2:8300", "-c", "2:root",
+                        boot_path], buf)
 
         run_stream(["sudo", "partprobe", boot_path], buf)
         time.sleep(2)
@@ -925,7 +1056,10 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         boot_p1 = self.partition_path(boot_path, 1)
         boot_p2 = self.partition_path(boot_path, 2)
 
+        if self.boot_mode == "uefi":
             run_stream(["sudo", "mkfs.vfat", "-F", "32", boot_p1], buf)
+        else:
+            GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "Skipping ESP format for Legacy BIOS install.\n")
         run_stream(["sudo", "mkfs.ext4", "-F", "-L", "sovran_systemsos", boot_p2], buf)
 
         if data_path and not self.data_drive_has_timechain:
@@ -935,8 +1069,11 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         # ── Mount filesystems ──
         GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "\n=== Mounting filesystems ===\n")
         run_stream(["sudo", "mount", boot_p2, "/mnt"], buf)
+        if self.boot_mode == "uefi":
             run_stream(["sudo", "mkdir", "-p", "/mnt/boot/efi"], buf)
             run_stream(["sudo", "mount", "-o", "umask=0077,defaults", boot_p1, "/mnt/boot/efi"], buf)
+        else:
+            GLib.idle_add(append_text, buf, "Legacy BIOS install: /boot/efi mount not required.\n")
 
         if data_path:
             data_p1 = self.partition_path(data_path, 1)
@@ -966,12 +1103,33 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         is_server = str(self.role == "Server+Desktop").lower()
         is_desktop = str(self.role == "Desktop Only").lower()
         is_node = str(self.role == "Node (Bitcoin-only)").lower()
+        boot_overrides = ""
+        if self.boot_mode == "bios":
+            grub_device = nix_string(f"/dev/{self.boot_disk}")
+            boot_overrides = f"""
+
+  # The installer ISO was booted in Legacy BIOS mode, so install GRUB to the
+  # target disk instead of using the default UEFI systemd-boot configuration.
+  boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = lib.mkForce false;
+  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = lib.mkForce false;
+  boot.loader.grub.enable = lib.mkForce true;
+  boot.loader.grub.device = lib.mkForce {grub_device};
+  fileSystems."/boot/efi".enable = lib.mkForce false;
+"""
+        elif self.virtualization:
+            boot_overrides = """
+
+  # VM UEFI firmware can reject or forget NVRAM boot-entry writes. Keep the
+  # normal UEFI systemd-boot layout, but use the fallback removable path instead
+  # of depending on EFI variable updates.
+  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = lib.mkForce false;
+"""
         content = f"""# THIS FILE IS AUTO-GENERATED BY THE INSTALLER. DO NOT EDIT.
 {{ config, lib, ... }}:
 {{
   sovran_systemsOS.roles.server_plus_desktop = lib.mkDefault {is_server};
   sovran_systemsOS.roles.desktop = lib.mkDefault {is_desktop};
-  sovran_systemsOS.roles.node = lib.mkDefault {is_node};
+  sovran_systemsOS.roles.node = lib.mkDefault {is_node};{boot_overrides}
 }}
 """
         proc = subprocess.run(
@@ -1008,6 +1166,11 @@ class InstallerWindow(Adw.ApplicationWindow):
         boot_row.set_subtitle(f"/dev/{self.boot_disk}  —  {human_size(self.boot_size)}")
         details.add(boot_row)
 
+        boot_mode_row = Adw.ActionRow()
+        boot_mode_row.set_title("Boot Mode")
+        boot_mode_row.set_subtitle(boot_mode_label(self.boot_mode))
+        details.add(boot_mode_row)
+
         if self.data_disk:
             data_row = Adw.ActionRow()
             data_row.set_title("Data Disk")

iso/sovran-install-headless.sh

@@ -12,6 +12,11 @@ Options:
   --deploy-key "ssh-ed25519 AAAA..."  SSH pubkey for remote access after install
   --headscale-server URL       Headscale login server for post-install Tailnet
   --headscale-key KEY          Headscale pre-auth key for the installed OS
+
+VM notes:
+  Desktop test installs still need a 256 GB OS disk (thin-provisioned is OK).
+  Node/server installs need a separate 2 TB data disk. UEFI is preferred; UEFI
+  VMs avoid NVRAM boot-entry writes, and legacy BIOS VMs use GRUB.
 USAGE
 }
 
@@ -25,6 +30,8 @@ DEPLOY_KEY=""
 HEADSCALE_SERVER=""
 HEADSCALE_KEY=""
 DATA_DISK_HAS_TIMECHAIN=false
+BOOT_MODE=""
+VIRTUALIZATION=""
 
 FLAKE="/etc/sovran/flake"
 LOG="/tmp/sovran-headless-install.log"
@@ -69,6 +76,22 @@ case "$ROLE" in
     *) die "--role must be one of: server, desktop, node" ;;
 esac
 
+# ── Detect firmware / VM environment ─────────────────────────────────────────
+if [[ -d /sys/firmware/efi ]]; then
+    BOOT_MODE="uefi"
+else
+    BOOT_MODE="bios"
+fi
+
+if command -v systemd-detect-virt >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    if VIRT_RESULT=$(systemd-detect-virt --vm 2>/dev/null); then
+        [[ "$VIRT_RESULT" != "none" ]] && VIRTUALIZATION="$VIRT_RESULT"
+    fi
+fi
+
+log "Boot mode: ${BOOT_MODE} ($([[ "$BOOT_MODE" == uefi ]] && echo systemd-boot || echo GRUB))"
+[[ -n "$VIRTUALIZATION" ]] && log "Virtual machine detected: ${VIRTUALIZATION}"
+
 # ── Validate disk existence and size ─────────────────────────────────────────
 log "=== Validating disks ==="
 
@@ -96,13 +119,26 @@ fi
 # ── Helper: partition suffix ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
 part_suffix() {
     local dev="$1" n="$2"
-    if [[ "$dev" == *nvme* ]]; then
+    local base
+    base=$(basename "$dev")
+    if [[ "$base" == nvme* || "$base" == mmcblk* || "$base" == loop* || "$base" == md* || "$base" =~ [0-9]$ ]]; then
         echo "${dev}p${n}"
     else
         echo "${dev}${n}"
     fi
 }
 
+nix_string() {
+    local value="$1"
+    value="${value//\\/\\\\}"
+    value="${value//\"/\\\"}"
+    value="${value//$'\n'/\\n}"
+    value="${value//$'\r'/\\r}"
+    value="${value//$'\t'/\\t}"
+    value="${value//\$\{/\\\$\{}"
+    printf '"%s"' "$value"
+}
+
 # ── Detect existing Bitcoin timechain data on data disk ───────────────────────
 if [[ -n "$DATA_DISK" ]]; then
     DATA_P1=$(part_suffix "$DATA_DISK" 1)
@@ -142,12 +178,19 @@ partprobe "$DISK"
 sleep 2
 
 # ── Step 2: Partition OS disk ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
-log "=== Partitioning OS disk ==="
+if [[ "$BOOT_MODE" == "uefi" ]]; then
-
+    log "=== Partitioning OS disk (UEFI) ==="
     sgdisk \
         -n "1:1M:+512M" -t "1:EF00" -c "1:ESP" \
         -n "2:0:0"      -t "2:8300" -c "2:root" \
         "$DISK"
+else
+    log "=== Partitioning OS disk (Legacy BIOS) ==="
+    sgdisk \
+        -n "1:1M:+1M" -t "1:EF02" -c "1:BIOS-boot" \
+        -n "2:0:0"    -t "2:8300" -c "2:root" \
+        "$DISK"
+fi
 
 partprobe "$DISK"
 sleep 2
@@ -168,7 +211,11 @@ log "=== Formatting partitions ==="
 BOOT_P1=$(part_suffix "$DISK" 1)
 BOOT_P2=$(part_suffix "$DISK" 2)
 
+if [[ "$BOOT_MODE" == "uefi" ]]; then
     mkfs.vfat -F 32 "$BOOT_P1"
+else
+    log "Skipping ESP format for Legacy BIOS install"
+fi
 mkfs.ext4 -F -L sovran_systemsos "$BOOT_P2"
 
 if [[ -n "$DATA_DISK" && "$DATA_DISK_HAS_TIMECHAIN" != true ]]; then
@@ -180,8 +227,12 @@ fi
 log "=== Mounting filesystems ==="
 
 mount "$BOOT_P2" /mnt
+if [[ "$BOOT_MODE" == "uefi" ]]; then
     mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi
     mount -o umask=0077,defaults "$BOOT_P1" /mnt/boot/efi
+else
+    log "Legacy BIOS install: /boot/efi mount not required"
+fi
 
 if [[ -n "$DATA_DISK" ]]; then
     DATA_P1=$(part_suffix "$DATA_DISK" 1)
@@ -219,16 +270,41 @@ case "$ROLE" in
         IS_SERVER=false; IS_DESKTOP=false; IS_NODE=true ;;
 esac
 
-cat > /mnt/etc/nixos/role-state.nix <<EOF
+{
+    cat <<EOF
 # THIS FILE IS AUTO-GENERATED BY THE INSTALLER. DO NOT EDIT.
 { config, lib, ... }:
 {
   sovran_systemsOS.roles.server_plus_desktop = lib.mkDefault ${IS_SERVER};
   sovran_systemsOS.roles.desktop = lib.mkDefault ${IS_DESKTOP};
   sovran_systemsOS.roles.node = lib.mkDefault ${IS_NODE};
-}
 EOF
 
+    if [[ "$BOOT_MODE" == "bios" ]]; then
+        GRUB_DEVICE=$(nix_string "$DISK")
+        cat <<EOF
+
+  # The installer ISO was booted in Legacy BIOS mode, so install GRUB to the
+  # target disk instead of using the default UEFI systemd-boot configuration.
+  boot.loader.systemd-boot.enable = lib.mkForce false;
+  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = lib.mkForce false;
+  boot.loader.grub.enable = lib.mkForce true;
+  boot.loader.grub.device = lib.mkForce ${GRUB_DEVICE};
+  fileSystems."/boot/efi".enable = lib.mkForce false;
+EOF
+    elif [[ -n "$VIRTUALIZATION" ]]; then
+        cat <<EOF
+
+  # VM UEFI firmware can reject or forget NVRAM boot-entry writes. Keep the
+  # normal UEFI systemd-boot layout, but use the fallback removable path instead
+  # of depending on EFI variable updates.
+  boot.loader.efi.canTouchEfiVariables = lib.mkForce false;
+EOF
+    fi
+
+    echo "}"
+} > /mnt/etc/nixos/role-state.nix
+
 # ── Step 10: Write custom.nix with deploy config ──────────────────────────────
 log "=== Writing custom.nix ==="
 

modules/credentials.nix

@@ -111,7 +111,15 @@ in
         echo "$ROOT_PASS" > "$SECRET_FILE"
         chmod 600 "$SECRET_FILE"
       fi
-      echo "root:$(cat "$SECRET_FILE")" | chpasswd
+      # If the file contains a scrypt hash (salt:hash), skip chpasswd — the
+      # password was already set via the Hub security reset endpoint and this
+      # service is only re-running as a manual recovery step.
+      CONTENT="$(cat "$SECRET_FILE")"
+      if echo "$CONTENT" | grep -qE '^[0-9a-f]{32}:[0-9a-f]{64,}$'; then
+        echo "root-password-setup: stored value is already hashed — skipping chpasswd" >&2
+      else
+        echo "root:$CONTENT" | chpasswd
+      fi
     '';
   };
 

modules/synapse.nix

@@ -229,6 +229,30 @@ CREDS
         chmod 600 "$CREDS_FILE"
       fi
 
+      # Provision a private, random Matrix administrator for the Hub's Admin
+      # API calls.  This is deliberately separate from the visible bootstrap
+      # admin account: installations where @admin pre-dated Sovran do not have
+      # its password, but Hub user management must still work.  Keeping the
+      # generated localpart in this root-only file makes the operation
+      # idempotent without exposing this service credential in the Hub UI.
+      HUB_ADMIN_CREDS="/var/lib/secrets/matrix-hub-admin"
+      if [ ! -s "$HUB_ADMIN_CREDS" ]; then
+        HUB_ADMIN_USER="sovran-hub-$(tr -dc 'a-z0-9' < /dev/urandom | head -c 20)"
+        HUB_ADMIN_PASS=$(pwgen -s 32 1)
+        if register_new_matrix_user -c /run/matrix-synapse/runtime-config.yaml \
+          -u "$HUB_ADMIN_USER" -p "$HUB_ADMIN_PASS" -a http://localhost:8008; then
+          (umask 077; cat > "$HUB_ADMIN_CREDS" <<CREDS
+username=$HUB_ADMIN_USER
+password=$HUB_ADMIN_PASS
+CREDS
+          )
+          echo "Created private Matrix Hub service administrator."
+        else
+          echo "Failed to create the private Matrix Hub service administrator." >&2
+          exit 1
+        fi
+      fi
+
       # Always write individual credential files for the hub UI, even if the bulk
       # credentials file already existed from a prior run (umask 077 ensures mode 600).
       # If passwords were not freshly generated above, parse them from the bulk file.

scripts/release-stable.sh

@@ -63,7 +63,12 @@ echo
 # Helper: Get latest tag
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 get_latest_tag() {
+    local exclude="${1:-}"
+    if [[ -n "$exclude" ]]; then
+        git tag --list 'v*' --sort=-version:refname | grep -v -x -E "v?${exclude#v}|${exclude}" | head -1 || echo ""
+    else
         git tag --list 'v*' --sort=-version:refname | head -1 || echo ""
+    fi
 }
 
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ suggest_next_version() {
 # Step 0: Fetch everything
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 echo -e "${BLUE}Step 0: Fetching latest from all remotes...${NC}"
-git fetch --all --tags --prune --force || git fetch --all --tags --prune --force 2>/dev/null || true
+git fetch --all --tags 2>/dev/null || true
 
 LATEST_TAG=$(get_latest_tag)
 NEXT_VERSION=$(suggest_next_version "$LATEST_TAG")
@@ -188,9 +193,10 @@ generate_release_notes() {
     printf '%s' "$notes"
 }
 
-# Build the notes from commits since the previous tag
+# Build the notes from commits since the previous tag (exclude the target tag if already present)
-if [[ -n "$LATEST_TAG" ]] && git rev-parse -q --verify "$LATEST_TAG" >/dev/null; then
+PREV_TAG=$(get_latest_tag "$TAG")
-    COMMIT_RANGE="${LATEST_TAG}..HEAD"
+if [[ -n "$PREV_TAG" ]] && git rev-parse -q --verify "$PREV_TAG" >/dev/null; then
+    COMMIT_RANGE="${PREV_TAG}..HEAD"
 else
     COMMIT_RANGE="HEAD"
 fi
@@ -256,7 +262,7 @@ fi
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 echo
 echo -e "${BLUE}Step 2: Creating annotated tag ${TAG}...${NC}"
-git tag -a "${TAG}" -m "${RELEASE_MESSAGE}
+git tag -f -a "${TAG}" -m "${RELEASE_MESSAGE}
 
 - Stable release of Sovran_SystemsOS
 - See CHANGELOG.md for full details" || true
@@ -356,17 +362,18 @@ echo
 echo -e "${BLUE}Step 4: Creating GitHub Release...${NC}"
 
 if command -v gh &>/dev/null; then
+    title_suffix="${RELEASE_MESSAGE#Sovran_SystemsOS v* — }"
+    title_suffix="${title_suffix#Sovran_SystemsOS * — }"
     if gh release create "${TAG}" \
         --repo naturallaw777/Sovran_SystemsOS \
-        --title "${TAG} — ${RELEASE_MESSAGE#Sovran_SystemsOS v* — }" \
+        --title "${TAG} — ${title_suffix}" \
-        --notes-file "${NOTES_FILE}" \
+        --notes-file "${NOTES_FILE}"; then
-        --target main 2>/dev/null; then
         echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} GitHub release created successfully"
     else
-        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} GitHub release may already exist or failed"
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} GitHub release creation failed (check 'gh auth status' or create via web GUI)"
     fi
 else
-    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} gh CLI not found — skipping GitHub release"
+    echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} gh CLI not found — skipping GitHub release (create via GitHub web GUI)"
 fi
 
 # ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -409,6 +416,9 @@ if [[ -n "${GITEA_TOKEN:-}" ]]; then
 
     if echo "$RESPONSE" | grep -q '"id"'; then
         echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Gitea release created successfully"
+    elif echo "$RESPONSE" | grep -q "write:repository"; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} Gitea token scope issue: your token requires the 'write:repository' scope (currently has write:package)."
+        echo "     To fix: In Gitea, navigate to Settings → Applications → Manage Access Tokens and generate a token with 'write:repository'."
     else
         echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠${NC} Gitea release creation failed or already exists"
         echo "     Response: $RESPONSE"
@@ -424,6 +434,10 @@ echo -e "${GREEN}║           ✅ Release ${TAG} completed successfully!
 echo -e "${GREEN}╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝${NC}"
 echo
 echo "Next manual steps (recommended):"
+echo "  • Build the installer ISO:"
+echo "    nix build .#nixosConfigurations.sovran_systemsos-iso.config.system.build.isoImage"
+echo "  • Package, verify, and upload ISO to CDN:"
+echo "    ./scripts/upload-cdn.sh --upload"
 echo "  • Review and enhance the new section in CHANGELOG.md"
 echo "  • Push changes: git push ${GITHUB_REMOTE} HEAD:main && git push ${GITEA_REMOTE} HEAD:staging-dev"
 echo "  • Verify releases on both GitHub and Gitea"

scripts/upload-cdn.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# upload-cdn.sh
+# Copies built ISO out of the nix store, generates versioned SHA-256 checksum,
+# verifies it, and optionally uploads to CDN.
+#
+# Usage:
+#   ./scripts/upload-cdn.sh [--upload]
+#
+# Environment variables (optional):
+#   CDN_RSYNC_TARGET   - rsync destination (e.g. user@server:/var/www/downloads/)
+#   CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE  - rclone remote target (e.g. s3:my-bucket/downloads/)
+#   CDN_UPLOAD_CMD     - custom upload command
+#
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
+BLUE='\033[0;34m'
+CYAN='\033[0;36m'
+NC='\033[0m'
+
+# Read version from VERSION file
+if [ ! -f VERSION ]; then
+    echo -e "${RED}Error: VERSION file not found.${NC}" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+VERSION=$(cat VERSION | tr -d '\n\r ')
+ISO_NAME="Sovran_SystemsOS-${VERSION}.iso"
+SHA_NAME="${ISO_NAME}.sha256"
+
+echo -e "${BLUE}╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗${NC}"
+echo -e "${BLUE}║      Sovran_SystemsOS CDN ISO Packaging & Upload Tool      ║${NC}"
+echo -e "${BLUE}╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝${NC}"
+echo -e "  Version : ${CYAN}${VERSION}${NC}"
+echo -e "  ISO     : ${CYAN}${ISO_NAME}${NC}"
+echo
+
+# Locate or build ISO
+SRC_ISO=""
+if [ -f "result/iso/${ISO_NAME}" ]; then
+    SRC_ISO="result/iso/${ISO_NAME}"
+elif [ -f "result/iso/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso" ]; then
+    SRC_ISO="result/iso/Sovran_SystemsOS.iso"
+else
+    FOUND=$(find result -name "*.iso" 2>/dev/null | head -n 1 || true)
+    if [ -n "$FOUND" ]; then
+        SRC_ISO="$FOUND"
+    fi
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$SRC_ISO" ] || [ ! -f "$SRC_ISO" ]; then
+    echo -e "${YELLOW}Built ISO not found in result/. Building ISO via Nix...${NC}"
+    nix build .#nixosConfigurations.sovran_systemsos-iso.config.system.build.isoImage
+    
+    if [ -f "result/iso/${ISO_NAME}" ]; then
+        SRC_ISO="result/iso/${ISO_NAME}"
+    else
+        FOUND=$(find result -name "*.iso" 2>/dev/null | head -n 1 || true)
+        if [ -n "$FOUND" ]; then
+            SRC_ISO="$FOUND"
+        else
+            echo -e "${RED}Error: Failed to locate built ISO in result/.${NC}" >&2
+            exit 1
+        fi
+    fi
+fi
+
+echo -e "${BLUE}Step 1: Copying built ISO out of Nix store...${NC}"
+cp -v "$SRC_ISO" "./${ISO_NAME}"
+echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Copied to ./${ISO_NAME}"
+
+echo
+echo -e "${BLUE}Step 2: Generating versioned SHA-256 checksum...${NC}"
+sha256sum "${ISO_NAME}" > "${SHA_NAME}"
+echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Generated ${SHA_NAME}"
+cat "${SHA_NAME}"
+
+echo
+echo -e "${BLUE}Step 3: Verifying checksum...${NC}"
+sha256sum --check "${SHA_NAME}"
+echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Checksum verified successfully"
+
+# Parse arguments for upload
+DO_UPLOAD=0
+for arg in "$@"; do
+    case $arg in
+        --upload)
+            DO_UPLOAD=1
+            shift
+            ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+if [ "$DO_UPLOAD" -eq 1 ]; then
+    echo
+    echo -e "${BLUE}Step 4: Uploading to CDN...${NC}"
+    
+    UPLOADED=0
+    if [ -n "${CDN_UPLOAD_CMD:-}" ]; then
+        echo -e "  Running custom CDN_UPLOAD_CMD..."
+        eval "$CDN_UPLOAD_CMD"
+        UPLOADED=1
+    fi
+
+    if [ -n "${CDN_RSYNC_TARGET:-}" ]; then
+        echo -e "  Uploading via rsync to ${CDN_RSYNC_TARGET}..."
+        rsync -avP "${ISO_NAME}" "${SHA_NAME}" "${CDN_RSYNC_TARGET}"
+        UPLOADED=1
+    fi
+
+    if [ -n "${CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE:-}" ]; then
+        echo -e "  Uploading via rclone to ${CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE}..."
+        rclone copy "${ISO_NAME}" "${SHA_NAME}" "${CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE}"
+        UPLOADED=1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "$UPLOADED" -eq 0 ]; then
+        echo -e "  ${YELLOW}⚠ Warning: --upload requested, but no upload method specified.${NC}"
+        echo -e "     Set CDN_RSYNC_TARGET, CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE, or CDN_UPLOAD_CMD."
+    else
+        echo -e "  ${GREEN}✓${NC} Upload complete."
+    fi
+else
+    echo
+    echo -e "${GREEN}╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗${NC}"
+    echo -e "${GREEN}║           ✅ ISO packaging & verification complete!        ║${NC}"
+    echo -e "${GREEN}╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝${NC}"
+    echo -e "Ready files:"
+    ls -lh "${ISO_NAME}" "${SHA_NAME}"
+    echo
+    echo "To upload to CDN, run:"
+    echo "  ./scripts/upload-cdn.sh --upload"
+    echo "(configure CDN_RSYNC_TARGET, CDN_RCLONE_REMOTE, or CDN_UPLOAD_CMD)"
+fi